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Equidistant conic projection is a type of conic projection that projects the Earth onto a conical surface and displays it as a map. It is characterized by keeping the intervals between meridians and parallels constant. In particular, it is designed to minimize distortion of distance along one or two parallels called standard parallels. In this projection, meridians are drawn as straight lines radiating from the apex of the cone, and parallels are drawn as concentric circular arcs. It is often used for creating maps on a national or continental scale, as it can display large areas on Earth (mainly in the east-west direction) relatively accurately.

Eckert projection is a general term for map projections invented by the German geographer Max Eckert in the early 20th century. He developed six projections (Eckert I to Eckert VI) with different characteristics, each of which represents the Earth's surface from a different perspective. These projections are mainly classified as pseudocylindrical projections, and Eckert IV and VI in particular are widely used in education and geographical materials due to their area accuracy (equal area) and good visual balance.

Gnomonic projection is a method in which a straight line is drawn from the center of the Earth to any point on the Earth's surface, and projected to the point where it intersects with a plane tangent to the Earth. This is a type of perspective projection (central projection), and has the characteristic that "great circle routes (shortest routes)" on the Earth are represented as straight lines after projection. For this reason, it is very useful when you want to show the shortest distance with a straight line.

Orthographic projection is a map projection method that depicts the Earth as if seen from an infinite distance. It is used to maintain a certain degree of accuracy while maintaining a sense of depth when projecting a spherical surface onto a flat surface. It can reproduce the appearance of a part of the Earth as seen from space, allowing for realistic and beautiful map representations. This projection projects the Earth's surface onto a flat surface through a straight line drawn vertically from the center of the Earth, so it places more importance on a natural appearance and intuitive understanding than on the accuracy of distance and area.

Azimuthal equidistant projection is a map projection that is drawn to accurately maintain direction and distance from a single point (reference point) on the Earth. Its greatest feature is that the straight-line distance and azimuth angle from the center point to all other points are accurately represented on the map. It is often used in applications where accuracy of direction and distance is important, such as air navigation and communications.

SAIF (Spatial Archive and Interchange Format) is an open geographic data standard developed under the leadership of the Canadian government. It uses an object-oriented multiple inheritance model to build a standardized framework containing more than 300 basic classes. It realizes one-to-many data conversion and interoperability across GIS platforms and database systems through the SAIF/ZIP compression mechanism, providing a unified intermediate exchange format for multi-source heterogeneous geographic spatial data. It is particularly suitable for cross-platform data sharing scenarios that require compatibility with multiple commercial software and databases.

3D Tiles service is a map slicing service built based on the 3D Tiles specification developed by Cesium. It is designed to efficiently visualize and distribute large-scale three-dimensional spatial data and is an important technical foundation for modern Web GIS. It is mainly used to achieve high-speed rendering and interaction in Web browsers for complex data such as BIM, CIM, point clouds, three-dimensional models, and terrain. The client can browse interactively through visualization engines such as CesiumJS, while the server is responsible for organizing and distributing data hierarchically based on the 3D Tiles format. Through spatial segmentation technology based on LOD (level of detail) and streaming transmission mechanism, the 3D Tiles service achieves lightweight and fast data loading, which is especially suitable for city-level models and point cloud data, and is widely used in smart cities, urban planning, disaster prevention, infrastructure management and other fields.

Web Map Tile Service (WMTS), also known as Web Map Tile Service, is a solution that uses pre-generated tiles to provide electronic map services. The WMTS standard defines some operations that allow users to access tile maps. WMTS provides a standardized solution for publishing digital map services using a predefined tile method, making up for the inability of WMS (Web Map Service) to provide tiled maps. The purpose of the WMTS service is to provide services for tile maps.

Mapbox API is a development interface provided by a powerful geolocation data platform, designed to help developers implement highly customized map display, geocoding, route planning, navigation, data visualization and other functions in their applications. Mapbox provides a series of flexible development tools and APIs, supports mainstream development environments such as Web, iOS, and Android, and facilitates developers to achieve a consistent map experience on different platforms.

Bing Maps API is a map and location information service platform provided by Microsoft. It is aimed at developers and is used to integrate map display, route search, geocoding and other functions into web applications or mobile applications. It is as famous as Google Maps API and is widely used in enterprises and business systems.