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LandXML is an XML-based civil engineering data exchange format primarily used for sharing infrastructure design data such as roads, terrain, and land parcels between different CAD platforms. It uses standardized data structures to transfer geometric information (such as surfaces and COGO points) and attribute data between software like Autodesk Civil 3D. It supports specialized parameters such as northing/easting/elevation coordinate systems and station number disconnection. This format is particularly suitable for terrain processing and survey data import, effectively reducing model conversion time and maintaining data integrity.

FlatGeobuf is a high-performance binary-encoded vector geographic data format designed for processing large-scale static geographic data. It utilizes FlatBuffers technology for compact storage and fast read/write speeds. It features a built-in Packed Hilbert R-Tree spatial index and supports streaming and on-demand loading, significantly improving network transmission efficiency and rendering speed. It is particularly well-suited for scenarios requiring efficient processing of massive amounts of geospatial data. As an open-source format, FlatGeobuf is compatible with mainstream tools such as GDAL, QGIS, and GeoServer, and supports multi-language implementations, making it an ideal alternative to traditional Shapefiles and GeoJSON.

SXF (Russian State Surveying Format) is a proprietary format used by the Russian Federation to store and process geospatial data. It is primarily used in national surveying and mapping projects, such as topographic maps and cadastral surveys. This format supports structured storage of both vector and raster data, including coordinate systems and attribute tables, and complies with Russian national surveying and mapping standards. Designed to balance data accuracy and localization requirements, it is commonly used by government surveying and mapping agencies and related professional software.

CityGML, an international standard for the exchange of 3D city model data developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), uses XML encoding to uniformly describe the geometric, topological, semantic, and appearance attributes of urban elements.

JPGIS (Japan Geographic Information Standard) is a geographic information standardization system developed by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan.

VRML is the abbreviation of Virtual Reality Modeling Language. It was created mainly to solve the problem of realizing 3D animation effects and user interaction based on 3D objects in web pages. VRML files are usually used to describe 3D virtual environments, containing information such as vertices, edges, and colors of polygons. Using VRML, developers can create interactive 3D scenes that can be displayed on web pages. VRML files use the extension .wrl (world file) and are stored in text format, which has good readability and is easy to edit manually.

GRIB (GRIDded Binary) is a standard file format for storing and transmitting meteorological data, designed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is mainly used to describe rasterized meteorological data, such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, precipitation, etc. GRIB files store data in binary form, which is efficient and has a high compression rate, so it has become one of the main data formats in the meteorological field.

The full name of STEP is Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data. It is an international standard 3D CAD data exchange format. The standard number is IS10303. STEP file is an internationally used 3D model data exchange format. The extension is usually step or .stp. It can share data between different CAD software, which is very convenient.

RVM is a 3D model data storage format developed by the British company AVEVA for the Plant Design Management System (PDMS). It is mainly used to store 3D model information such as pipelines, equipment, and structures of factory facilities (such as petrochemical plants and power stations). It supports both text (TextRVM) and binary (BinaryRVM) formats, the latter of which is more common and has higher storage efficiency.

SketchUp is a 3D modeling software developed by Trimble, with the core concept of “making 3D modeling as natural as sketching with a pencil”. It significantly lowers the threshold of 3D design through a minimalist interface and intuitive push-pull modeling tools (such as drawing lines to create surfaces and extruding to create bodies), and is suitable for quickly building solution prototypes in the fields of architecture, interior design, and landscape. Its unique advantage lies in the balance between professionalism and ease of use. 80% of users can master basic operations within 3 hours.