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DOQ (Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle) is orthorectified aerial photograph data created in the United States. Primarily provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS), it corrects distortions caused by terrain relief and camera tilt in aerial photographs, allowing it to be used as image data with the same coordinate accuracy as maps. DOQs are typically created for areas corresponding to quarter sections of 1:24,000 scale topographic maps (Quadrangles) and are characterized by their ability to accurately represent features such as roads, rivers, buildings, and vegetation based on actual geographic coordinates. Therefore, they are widely used as foundational data in diverse GIS applications including map creation, urban planning, and land use analysis.

BSB (Nautical Chart Raster Format) is a raster data format primarily used for storing and distributing Raster Navigational Charts (RNC). Originally developed for chart distribution, it has now become one of the standard distribution formats for official raster navigational charts issued by hydrographic offices in various countries. The BSB format adds georeferencing information to scanned paper chart image data, enabling accurate position display on navigation support software. It is characterized by its design specifically tailored for maritime navigation applications.

RLA (Run-Length Encoded Raster) is a format that efficiently stores raster data using Run-Length Encoding (RLE). By recording consecutive pixel sequences with the same value as "value + repetition count," it achieves high compression efficiency, particularly for classified raster data or data with many homogeneous areas. RLA has a relatively simple data structure and has been used as a lightweight raster data storage method in image processing and GIS fields. It is suitable for raster data with high value continuity, such as elevation models, land use classifications, and binary mask data.

DRG (Digital Raster Graphic) is a raster data format created by scanning paper topographic maps at high resolution and adding georeferencing information. Primarily produced by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) through digitization of topographic maps, it preserves map information such as contour lines, roads, hydrography, and administrative boundaries as images. Since DRG contains geographic coordinate information, it can be overlaid with other geographic data in GIS and is widely used as base maps or reference maps.

GXT / MapInfo Custom Coordinate System File is a text-based format used in MapInfo Professional to define custom map projections, coordinate systems, and datum transformations. Managed as part of MapInfo's spatial data management ecosystem, it enables users to extend beyond predefined coordinate systems by creating custom definitions tailored to specific local surveying needs, specialized datasets, or regional mapping requirements. It serves as an essential configuration tool for ensuring spatial data aligns correctly across different maps and layers.

COLLADA / DAE is an open standard 3D data format designed for the exchange of 3D models and digital assets. Managed by the Khronos Group, it is XML-based and can describe 3D geometry, materials, textures, animations, scene structures, and more. It is widely used as a "neutral exchange format" enabling data interoperability between different software applications in game engines, 3D CG production tools, BIM, and the 3D GIS field.

OBJ (Wavefront 3D Model Format, can include geographic coordinates) is a plain text 3D format developed by Wavefront Technologies. It stores geometric information (vertices, normals, UV coordinates) and polygonal face data, and supports referencing textures and lighting properties through external .mtl material files. Its openness and cross-platform compatibility make it a universal intermediate format in fields such as 3D modeling, game development, and 3D printing. However, it requires additional files to define georeferencing and does not support animation or complex scene data.

SuperMap iServer REST API is a comprehensive, resource-oriented application programming interface that exposes the full spectrum of GIS functionalities through standard HTTP protocols. Built upon the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style, this API encapsulates core GIS capabilities—including map services, data management, spatial analysis, 3D visualization, and distributed processing—as addressable resources uniquely identified by URIs. By adhering strictly to REST principles, SuperMap iServer transforms complex GIS operations into simple, lightweight HTTP interactions that support multiple representation formats (JSON, XML, HTML, binary images) and standard HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE). This design enables developers, system integrators, and GIS professionals to build web and mobile applications that seamlessly integrate with enterprise geospatial infrastructure, whether for dynamic map visualization, real-time spatial querying, or large-scale distributed spatial analytics .

TileJSON is an open standard for describing map tile layers and their capabilities in a machine-readable JSON format. Originally developed by Mapbox as a specification for their mapping platforms, it has since evolved into a widely adopted community standard for declaring metadata about tile sets—whether they are raster tiles, vector tiles, or terrain tiles. A TileJSON file provides a structured, human-readable, and developer-friendly way to communicate essential information such as the tile server's endpoint URL, the tile format (PNG, MVT, GeoTIFF, etc.), the spatial extent (bounds), the coordinate reference system (commonly Web Mercator - EPSG:3857), the minimum and maximum zoom levels, attribution requirements, and other descriptive metadata. This standard enables map clients, styling tools, and data catalogues to automatically discover and consume tile services without requiring manual configuration or prior knowledge of the tile source's internal structure.

GeoWebCache is a high-performance, tile-caching server designed specifically for accelerating the delivery of geospatial map data over the web. It functions as a critical middleware component that sits between a map server (such as GeoServer, MapServer, or ArcGIS Server) and a map client (like OpenLayers, Leaflet, or MapLibre). By generating, storing, and serving pre-rendered map image tiles in standard web formats (PNG, JPEG, vector tiles), it dramatically reduces server load and improves response times for end users. Unlike rendering maps dynamically for each request, GeoWebCache serves pre-computed tiles, making it an essential tool for building scalable, fast, and responsive web mapping applications that serve large volumes of concurrent users.