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OSM (Open Street Map) is an open source map dataset created and maintained by a volunteer community. Unlike traditional map data, OSM data is collected by volunteers using various data sources such as GPS devices, aerial images, topographic maps, and public satellite images. Users can use, edit, and distribute this data for free. OSM has global coverage and provides rich geographic data, including streets, buildings, rivers, lakes, mountains, public facilities, and more. At the same time, OSM also provides APIs and various tools to integrate this data into various applications.

SHX (Shape Index) files are a file format in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), mainly used to store the location and size information of all geometric objects in Shapefile files. SHX files are part of the Shapefile file format, a popular GIS data format developed by the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) to store the geometry and attribute information of geographic locations. SHX files are usually used together with SHP files (master files storing geometry information) and DBF files (dBASE tables storing attribute data), and the three together constitute a complete Shapefile dataset.

TBX (Toolbox File) is a container for organizing and managing geoprocessing tools. TBX can contain multiple geoprocessing tools, as well as related parameters and settings. Toolbox files (.tbx) are used to store and share these toolboxes and the tools in them.

MWS (MapWindow Session) is a session file format used by MapWindow GIS software. MWS files contain information about geospatial data, layer settings, symbolization, and map views. It allows users to save and load GIS projects to restore the state and configuration of maps in different work sessions. MWS files can contain vector data, raster data, styles, and symbol settings, providing GIS users with a convenient way to manage and share geospatial information.

Pseudo Mercator projection is a sphere-based conformal cylindrical projection. It converts longitude and latitude coordinates into plane rectangular coordinates by approximating the earth as a sphere and using a tangent cylindrical projection. It is widely used in global Web map services (such as Google Maps and OpenStreetMap) and supports seamless splicing and layered tile loading.

PCIDSK (PCI Geomatics Database File) is a geospatial data file format developed by PCI Geomatics of Canada, mainly used in the fields of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). The format uses a database-like structure that can store vector and raster data in a single file and is known for its high compatibility with the PCI Geomatics product “Geomatica” software.

ArcGIS is a geographic information system (GIS) software platform developed by ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute). It provides a wealth of tools and functions for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying geographic data. ArcGIS has a variety of applications, including map making, spatial analysis, geolocation, resource management, environmental planning, and other fields.

Lambert Conformal Conic Projection is a conic projection method that projects the earth’s surface onto a cone and then unfolds the cone into a flat map. This projection method was developed by French mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert and is widely used because it is particularly suitable for map making in mid-latitude areas.

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection is an equal-area azimuthal projection proposed by German mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1772. This projection maps points on the earth’s surface onto a plane through spherical projection, keeping the projection area unchanged, that is, the area ratio of the area before and after the projection is strictly equal. There is no deformation at the center of the projection, and as the distance from the center increases, the angle and shape deformation gradually increase, but the area deformation is always zero.

QGS file is one of the standard formats of QGIS (Quantum GIS) software project files. It is an XML-based text file used to save QGIS project configurations, including data sources, layer styles, map views, coordinate reference systems, and other settings. The QGS file itself does not contain geographic data, but records how to reference and render external spatial data (such as vector files, raster data, databases, etc.).