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Pseudo Mercator projection is a sphere-based conformal cylindrical projection. It converts longitude and latitude coordinates into plane rectangular coordinates by approximating the earth as a sphere and using a tangent cylindrical projection. It is widely used in global Web map services (such as Google Maps and OpenStreetMap) and supports seamless splicing and layered tile loading.

Transverse Mercator projection is a conformal cross-cylindrical projection that cuts the Earth ellipsoid along the meridian (central meridian) and unfolds it into a plane. It is widely used in large-scale topographic mapping and national coordinate systems (such as the UTM coordinate system) in mid-latitude regions.

Mercator Projection is one of the most famous map projections. It was first proposed by Franz Walter Mercator (Gerardus Mercator) in 1569 and is mainly used for drawing nautical charts. Mercator projection is a kind of orthogonal cylindrical projection, also known as “standard cylindrical projection”. Its characteristic is that it can project the longitude and latitude coordinates of the earth onto a plane, keeping the angle unchanged, so it is very useful in navigation and aviation.

Longitude / Latitude Projection uses the longitude and latitude coordinate system of the earth, usually in degrees. The basic principle is to imagine a cylinder that is consistent with the direction of the earth’s axis and cuts or severing the earth, project the longitude and latitude grid onto the cylindrical surface according to the equiangular condition, and then unfold the cylindrical surface into a plane to obtain a plane longitude and latitude grid. After projection, the meridians are a set of vertical equidistant parallel straight lines, and the latitudes are a set of parallel straight lines perpendicular to the meridians. The interval between adjacent latitudes increases from the equator to the poles.