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Robinson projection is a widely used map projection method developed since the 1960s, designed to represent the entire world on a single map. It seeks a practical compromise for displaying the whole Earth on a flat surface. Introduced in 1963 by Dr. Arthur H. Robinson, this projection features straight latitude lines and evenly spaced meridians, classifying it as a pseudocylindrical projection. While the central meridian is straight, all other meridians are curved. Robinson defined this projection by constructing a lookup table of Cartesian coordinates through specific interpolation of latitudes and longitudes, rather than using mathematical formulas.

Mercator projection is a conformal tangent cylindrical projection devised by the Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569. It conceptually projects the Earth's surface onto a cylinder tangent at the equator, with a light source at the Earth's center casting surface features onto the cylinder. When unrolled, this creates a world map with the standard parallel at zero degrees (the equator).

CARTO Tiles API is an interface provided by the CARTO platform for efficiently processing and visualizing geospatial data. By splitting large datasets into pre-rendered tiles, it optimizes map loading speed and browsing experience, supporting various tile types such as dynamic and aggregated tiles. Built on the OGC API-Tiles standard, it integrates with CARTO’s declarative language, deck.gl, enabling flexible map styling and interactive application development.

TomTom Maps SDK / Web API is a toolkit integrated into web and mobile applications to build location-based service experiences. It provides map display, route planning, style customization, and data analysis capabilities, supporting multi-platform usage. The SDK allows developers to display multiple entity locations simultaneously on maps via API calls and leverages millions of data points collected by TomTom for efficient development. Compatible with both web-based and native mobile application platforms, it is suitable for various scenarios such as automotive navigation, public sector decision-making, autonomous driving, and logistics management.

MapQuest API is an application programming interface that provides location-based services such as geocoding, route planning, and POI search. Developers can invoke its services by sending HTTP requests, for example, to convert addresses into coordinates or calculate driving routes. It supports multiple map data sources (e.g., OpenStreetMap, Bing Maps) and allows free access to basic services through an API key. This API is commonly used in scenarios like logistics optimization and location sharing. For instance, one organization utilized it to reduce meal delivery route planning time and costs.

Esri GeoEvent Server is an enterprise-level software provided by Esri, designed for real-time processing, analysis, and dissemination of event-based geospatial data streams. It can connect to multiple real-time data sources, perform real-time analysis on event data through filters and processors, and deliver processed results to client applications, feature services, dashboards, or other destinations. This technology is commonly used in smart cities, traffic monitoring, and other scenarios requiring real-time responsiveness, helping users quickly adapt to dynamic changes.

**Amersfoort (EPSG:4289) **is a widely used geographic coordinate system in the Netherlands, using Bessel 1841 as the base ellipsoid, with the geodetic base point at Amersfoort. This coordinate system has long played an important role in land surveying, mapping, and infrastructure development in the Netherlands. EPSG:4289 uses geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude), making it suitable for expressing wide-area location information on the Earth’s surface.

GeoJSONB is a binary format used in PostgreSQL databases for storing GeoJSON data. It enables the database to handle geospatial data in a more compact and efficient manner. This format is supported by the PostGIS extension for PostgreSQL, which is a specialized geospatial database extension designed to enhance PostgreSQL's capabilities in managing location-based information.

LAS/LAZ (LiDAR Point Cloud Format) files are standard formats for storing 3D point cloud data acquired through LiDAR technology, established by the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS). The LAS format uses a binary structure to store attributes such as 3D coordinates (X, Y, Z), intensity, return number, and classification for each point. LAZ is a compressed version of LAS that significantly reduces file size while maintaining data integrity.

3D Tiles (Cesium Standard), as an open standard, defines methods for streaming transmission and visualization of large-scale 3D geospatial data on the web. Proposed and open-sourced by the Cesium team, it has now become an OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) Candidate Standard and is widely used in digital cities, smart campuses, geological exploration, and other fields. Its core design employs a Hierarchical Level of Detail (HLOD) structure, which uses spatial partitioning algorithms to divide 3D models into multi-resolution tiles. This supports dynamic data loading based on the view frustum range, effectively addressing issues in traditional 3D models such as excessive memory usage and rendering lag in browsers.