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Gaia-CRF3 (Gaia Celestial Reference Frame 3) is the latest generation of celestial reference frame constructed by the European Space Agency's (ESA) Gaia satellite mission. It primarily uses ultra-distant celestial objects such as distant galaxies and quasars as reference points, providing a highly accurate spatial coordinate reference in space that is unaffected by Earth's motion or rotation. Gaia-CRF3 serves as a foundation for position determination in astronomy and space geodesy, complementing and enhancing the previous ICRF (International Celestial Reference Frame).

Collignon projection is a type of equal-area projection (authalic projection) proposed in 1865 by the French mathematician Édouard Collignon. It is designed to represent the entire Earth on a plane, with the key feature of accurately preserving area. It is primarily used for world maps and statistical maps, especially in visualizations that emphasize area comparisons between regions.

Foucalut Sinusoidal Projection is a type of pseudocylindrical projection proposed in the 19th century by the French physicist Léon Foucault. It is based on the sinusoidal projection and is characterized by the introduction of a correction coefficient to adjust distortion in the latitudinal direction. This projection aims to improve shape balance from low to mid-latitudes while maintaining overall equal-area properties, making it suitable for thematic and statistical maps that display the entire world.

August Epicycloidal Projection is a pseudazimuthal world map projection devised by mathematician Ferdinand August in the 19th century. This projection is characterized by the arrangement of meridians and parallels based on epicycloid curves, with the aim of representing the entire world on a single map. While it does not strictly preserve area, angles, or distances, it offers overall visual balance and a unique geometric beauty, making it primarily suitable for theoretical and educational purposes or the study of map projections.

Chamberlin Trimetric Projection is a map projection method devised by William Chamberlin in the early 20th century. This projection is characterized by its accurate preservation of distances from any three arbitrarily chosen points on the Earth's surface. It is classified as a "compromise projection," as it does not fully belong to any of the conformal, equal-area, or equidistant categories. It excels in representing regions centered around specific reference points and has been used for experimental and academic purposes to intuitively understand geographical relationships.

Armadillo Projection is a relatively new world map projection designed to represent the entire Earth on a single plane in a visually striking manner. It prioritizes visual continuity and artistic expression over geometric accuracy, featuring a unique shape that appears to wrap around the globe. Primarily used for educational purposes, design, and visualization, it is known as a projection that offers a fresh perspective on presenting geographic information.

Balthasart Cylindrical Projection is a map projection method belonging to the cylindrical projection family. Cylindrical projections involve projecting the spherical surface onto a cylindrical surface, which is then unfolded, resulting in both meridians and parallels appearing as straight lines that intersect orthogonally. In this projection, the direction does not necessarily have to align with the Earth's axis (meaning the line of tangency between the sphere and the cylinder is not necessarily the equator), as any angle is possible. Based on the relative orientation of the projection surface to the Earth, it can be categorized into normal-axis, transverse-axis, oblique-axis cylindrical projections, as well as tangent and secant cylindrical projections. In the normal-axis projection, parallels are straight parallel lines, while meridians are straight parallel lines equally spaced and perpendicular to the parallels. The Balthasart Cylindrical Projection is primarily used for drawing world or regional maps, especially for index maps. It is suitable for low-latitude regions near the equator, while transverse or oblique-axis cylindrical projections are better suited for areas extending along a meridian or a specific great circle direction.

The Behrmann Cylindrical Equal-Area Projection is an equal-area azimuthal projection distinguished by its ability to accurately preserve distances and directions from a central point. By projecting each point on the Earth onto a flat surface, this projection method faithfully represents geographical features and relative positional relationships, making it widely applicable in fields such as cartography and geographic information systems.

Boggs Eumorphic Projection is a pseudocylindrical equal-area map projection used for world maps, often featuring multiple interruptions. Its equal-area characteristic makes it suitable for displaying the spatial distribution of phenomena. Proposed by Samuel Whittemore Boggs (1889–1954) in 1929, this projection aimed to provide an alternative to the Mercator projection for representing global regional relationships. Boggs served as the Geographer of the U.S. Department of State from 1924 until his death. The Boggs Eumorphic Projection is occasionally used in textbooks and atlases.

Hammer–Aitoff variant is an improved version of the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection. The Hammer projection is an equal-area projection with an elliptical graticule. It is also referred to as the Hammer–Aitoff projection. This projection is suitable for small-scale mapping.