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Goode Homolosine Projection, also known as the Goode Equal Area Projection, is an interrupted pseudo-cylindrical equal-area projection developed by John Paul Goode in 1925. It combines the Mollweide projection for regions outside 40°44′ north and south latitude with the sinusoidal projection for the equatorial region in between, reducing distortion over global landmasses or oceans as much as possible by interrupting portions of the meridians. It strictly maintains proportional area equivalence between the map and the ground. It is often used for small-scale thematic world maps that require precise area comparisons, but it cannot simultaneously preserve the continuity of both land and ocean and is not suitable for navigation purposes.

Mercator Equal Area Projection, also known as the Cylindrical Equal Area Mercator Projection, is a normal-aspect equal-area cylindrical projection developed from the conventional conformal Mercator projection. It adjusts the latitudinal coordinate calculation formula so that the area ratio of any region on the map exactly matches that of the corresponding region on the Earth, completely eliminating the excessive area exaggeration at high latitudes found in the traditional Mercator projection. However, it also abandons the conformal property of the traditional Mercator, resulting in noticeable local angle, shape, and direction distortion, and it can no longer display rhumb lines as straight lines. Therefore, it is no longer suitable for marine navigation applications and is instead more often used in thematic cartography that requires accurate statistical representation of global area proportions.

Cylindrical Equal Area Projection, also commonly known as the Lambert Cylindrical Equal Area Projection, is a type of cylindrical projection that preserves area. It was proposed in 1772 by the Swiss mathematician Johann H. Lambert. This projection maps the Earth's meridians and parallels onto a cylindrical surface, which is then unrolled into a plane. Meridians appear as equally spaced, parallel vertical lines, while parallels are horizontal straight lines perpendicular to the meridians. The spacing between parallels decreases toward the poles, and the poles are projected as straight lines with the same length as the Equator. This projection strictly ensures that relative areas on the map are consistent with those on the ground, but shape and angle distortion increase significantly with latitude. It is more suitable for large-scale mapping near the Equator and is often used in scenarios requiring precise area comparisons, such as climate maps and population distribution maps.

Polar Azimuthal Equal Area Projection, also known as the Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection, is a non-perspective azimuthal projection introduced by Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1772.

Globe Projection is a display and projection technology that maps the Earth's surface or spherical information directly onto a three-dimensional globe model. Unlike traditional flat map projections, it uses a spherical screen or virtual globe to present panoramic, 360-degree imagery, providing better spatial continuity and immersion in all directions. This technology typically relies on multiple projectors working with edge blending and spherical correction algorithms to seamlessly stitch images onto spherical or dome-shaped screens. It is widely used in planetariums, science museums, exhibitions, and immersive educational environments, allowing audiences to feel as if they are inside the real Earth or outer space.

Polar Stereographic (Elliptical) Projection is a conformal projection centered on the poles, formed by orthographically projecting the Earth's surface from the pole onto a plane. The meridians appear as radiating straight lines, and the parallels appear as concentric circles (or circular arcs). By employing elliptical parameters, it more accurately matches the Earth's ellipsoidal shape, maintaining relatively low distortion in polar regions. It is commonly used for polar map production and navigation.

Bertin 1953 Projection is an equal-area world map projection designed by French cartographer Jacques Bertin in 1953. Its core objective is to accurately represent the relative areas of countries and regions worldwide, making it particularly suitable for visualizing socio-economic data. The projection achieves strict area proportionality by highly compressing polar regions and deforming the entire Earth's surface into an approximately elliptical shape, with both meridians and parallels appearing as smooth curves. Although it does not preserve shape (non-conformal) or distance (non-equidistant), it maintains strict equal-area properties, achieving good overall visual balance and regional comparability. It remains one of the important non-traditional projections in modern thematic cartography.

Nicolosi Globular Projection is a pseudocylindrical compromise world map projection introduced by the Italian cartographer Giambattista Nicolosi in 1660. It is one of the best-known early globular projections and was widely used before modern mathematical projections became standard. The projection represents the world in a rounded form and was valued for its visually balanced appearance. It is neither equal-area nor conformal, and today it is mainly of historical interest.

Apian Globular Projection is a pseudocylindrical world map projection introduced by Peter Apian in the 16th century. It belongs to the family of early globular projections developed during the Renaissance, when cartographers sought visually appealing ways to represent the whole world. The projection is neither equal-area nor conformal, but it was valued for its balanced appearance and for presenting the world in a rounded, compact form. Today it is mainly of historical interest.

Airy Projection is an azimuthal map projection devised by the British astronomer and mathematician Sir George Biddell Airy in 1861. It is designed as a compromise projection, intended to reduce overall distortion within a circular map, especially when the region of interest is centered on the projection point. Unlike equal-area or conformal projections, the Airy projection does not preserve any single property perfectly, but instead seeks a visually balanced representation. It is mainly of historical and theoretical interest and is sometimes used for hemispheric maps.