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BAG (Bathymetric Attributed Grid) is an open, standardized data format used for marine surveying and seabed terrain modeling, developed and maintained by the Open Navigation Surface Working Group. It employs an HDF5 container to organize data, with core components including the bathymetric grid elevation layer (storing seabed depth values) and the uncertainty layer (recording depth measurement errors), while also supporting embedded metadata (e.g., coordinate reference systems, acquisition device parameters) and optional layers (such as sounding point density and seabed classification). The format utilizes tile-based compression technology to optimize the storage and transmission efficiency of large-scale seabed terrain data and is compatible with multi-resolution pyramid structures. It is one of the marine bathymetric data exchange standards recommended by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO).

CIB (Controlled Image Base) file format is a format used in ArcGIS for storing and managing raster data, typically employed alongside geodatabases as part of raster datasets, mosaic datasets, or raster catalogs. It defines the storage method for pixels, such as the number of rows, columns, and bands, serving as a native format for internal data exchange and management within the ArcGIS ecosystem. For more general image processing, common formats such as JPEG, PNG, and BMP may be more suitable.

CADRG (Compressed ARC Digitized Raster Graphics) is an abbreviation for "Compressed ARC Digitized Raster Graphics," primarily used for storing and transmitting raster images in geospatial data. It is commonly employed in military and surveying fields. This format optimizes data storage efficiency through compression technology and supports high-precision digital representation of geographic information, typically requiring professional software for import and processing. In GIS applications, CADRG format often needs to be converted to a file geodatabase raster to improve subsequent analysis efficiency.

RPF (Raster Product Format, U.S. Department of Defense standard) is a standardized data structure established in 1994, serving as the U.S. military's standard for geospatial databases composed of rectangular arrays of pixel values (e.g., digitized maps or images) in compressed or uncompressed forms. Its intended purpose is to manage the design of a series of digital data exchange products, including digital maps, imagery, and other geospatial data for military applications. Designed to be a versatile and adaptable format for raster products, whether compressed or uncompressed, RPF aims to enable applications to directly use data stored in computer-readable RPF formats on exchange media (e.g., CD-ROMs) without requiring further conversion or manipulation. The format is characterized by a hierarchical directory structure, including a catalog file (sometimes referred to as an A.TOC file) and one or more frame directories representing raster data frames.

ADF (ArcInfo Binary Grid Format) is a proprietary raster data format developed by Esri. It is used for storing and managing raster data, which can contain various types of geospatial information such as elevation data, land cover types, vegetation indices, etc. The ADF format can store raster layers with different resolutions and data types, making it significant in GIS applications.

GeoJSONB is a binary format used in PostgreSQL databases for storing GeoJSON data. It enables the database to handle geospatial data in a more compact and efficient manner. This format is supported by the PostGIS extension for PostgreSQL, which is a specialized geospatial database extension designed to enhance PostgreSQL's capabilities in managing location-based information.

JPGIS (Japan Geographic Information Standard) is a geographic information standardization system developed by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan.

CityGML, an international standard for the exchange of 3D city model data developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), uses XML encoding to uniformly describe the geometric, topological, semantic, and appearance attributes of urban elements.

SXF (Russian State Surveying Format) is a proprietary format used by the Russian Federation to store and process geospatial data. It is primarily used in national surveying and mapping projects, such as topographic maps and cadastral surveys. This format supports structured storage of both vector and raster data, including coordinate systems and attribute tables, and complies with Russian national surveying and mapping standards. Designed to balance data accuracy and localization requirements, it is commonly used by government surveying and mapping agencies and related professional software.

FlatGeobuf is a high-performance binary-encoded vector geographic data format designed for processing large-scale static geographic data. It utilizes FlatBuffers technology for compact storage and fast read/write speeds. It features a built-in Packed Hilbert R-Tree spatial index and supports streaming and on-demand loading, significantly improving network transmission efficiency and rendering speed. It is particularly well-suited for scenarios requiring efficient processing of massive amounts of geospatial data. As an open-source format, FlatGeobuf is compatible with mainstream tools such as GDAL, QGIS, and GeoServer, and supports multi-language implementations, making it an ideal alternative to traditional Shapefiles and GeoJSON.