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3D Studio Max is a PC-based 3D modeling, rendering and animation software developed by Discreet. It was originally named 3D Studio and later released as 3D Studio Max on the Windows NT platform. The software provides a wealth of functions, including modeling, animation, rendering, and collaboration with other software. The latest version is 2024, supports multiple operating systems, and has multi-language capabilities.

STL (StereoLithography) is a file format developed by 3D Systems for 3D printing and computer-aided design. It is widely used in the fields of rapid prototyping and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).

LAS/LAZ (LiDAR Point Cloud Format) files are standard formats for storing 3D point cloud data acquired through LiDAR technology, established by the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS). The LAS format uses a binary structure to store attributes such as 3D coordinates (X, Y, Z), intensity, return number, and classification for each point. LAZ is a compressed version of LAS that significantly reduces file size while maintaining data integrity.

3D Tiles (Cesium Standard), as an open standard, defines methods for streaming transmission and visualization of large-scale 3D geospatial data on the web. Proposed and open-sourced by the Cesium team, it has now become an OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) Candidate Standard and is widely used in digital cities, smart campuses, geological exploration, and other fields. Its core design employs a Hierarchical Level of Detail (HLOD) structure, which uses spatial partitioning algorithms to divide 3D models into multi-resolution tiles. This supports dynamic data loading based on the view frustum range, effectively addressing issues in traditional 3D models such as excessive memory usage and rendering lag in browsers.

Ordnance Survey National Transfer Format (NTF) is a spatial data exchange format developed by the Ordnance Survey (OS) of Great Britain. It is primarily used for the transfer and sharing of cadastral and topographic data. Based on the ISO 8211 standard and employing a binary encoding scheme, it facilitates efficient two-way transfer of national surveying and mapping data between local and central government systems. Its design incorporates three layers—physical file structure, logical model, and application protocol—ensuring the preservation of topological relationships and coordinate system compatibility during data conversion.

DGN (MicroStation Native Format) is a CAD file format developed based on Microsoft's OLE2 file structure, primarily used in 3D, BIM, and GIS industries. Developed by Bentley Systems, this CAD format is designed for recording and exchanging design data, offering a comprehensive data model and multi-layer drafting capabilities while supporting operation across multiple platforms.

GRIB (GRIDded Binary) is a standard file format for storing and transmitting meteorological data, designed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is mainly used to describe rasterized meteorological data, such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, precipitation, etc. GRIB files store data in binary form, which is efficient and has a high compression rate, so it has become one of the main data formats in the meteorological field.

VRML is the abbreviation of Virtual Reality Modeling Language. It was created mainly to solve the problem of realizing 3D animation effects and user interaction based on 3D objects in web pages. VRML files are usually used to describe 3D virtual environments, containing information such as vertices, edges, and colors of polygons. Using VRML, developers can create interactive 3D scenes that can be displayed on web pages. VRML files use the extension .wrl (world file) and are stored in text format, which has good readability and is easy to edit manually.

SAIF (Spatial Archive and Interchange Format) is an open geographic data standard developed under the leadership of the Canadian government. It uses an object-oriented multiple inheritance model to build a standardized framework containing more than 300 basic classes. It realizes one-to-many data conversion and interoperability across GIS platforms and database systems through the SAIF/ZIP compression mechanism, providing a unified intermediate exchange format for multi-source heterogeneous geographic spatial data. It is particularly suitable for cross-platform data sharing scenarios that require compatibility with multiple commercial software and databases.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics) is a commonly used image file format that is also widely used in GIS. It is a lossless compressed bitmap image format designed to replace the older GIF format. It supports 256 colors and transparency, and can be edited and saved multiple times without losing image quality. PNG files can store high-quality images with small file sizes and good image details.