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LVB is a proprietary geospatial data format developed by Beijing SuperMap Software Company, primarily used for storing and managing vector map data. Optimized for the SuperMap GIS platform, it supports efficient spatial data compression and fast retrieval, making it a popular choice for professional geographic information system applications in areas such as land planning and smart cities. It boasts strong compatibility and seamless integration with the SuperMap suite of software.

CNSDTF (China National Standard Geospatial Data Exchange Format) is a national standard for geographic information system (GIS) data exchange in China. It unifies the storage and transmission formats of spatial data, such as vector and raster data, and addresses data compatibility issues across different platforms. Its core goal is to enable efficient cross-system sharing through structured file headers, feature parameters, and separated geometry/attribute data. It is widely used in fields such as land planning and environmental monitoring.

S57 (Standard for Electronic Navigational Charts) is an international standard developed by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) for the exchange and display of electronic nautical chart data, primarily used in marine navigation systems. It standardizes the format, structure, and content of chart data, ensuring interoperability between electronic nautical chart systems from different manufacturers, providing ships with accurate and unified critical navigation information such as water depth, channel, and obstacles. In short, S57 is the "universal language" of electronic nautical charts, ensuring safe and efficient maritime navigation.

GeoPDF embeds geographic spatial information (such as latitude and longitude coordinates and coordinate reference systems) in standard PDF files, enabling ordinary PDF readers (such as Adobe Reader) to support geographic location viewing, map navigation, and basic geographic analysis functions, combining the portability of PDF with the data analysis capabilities of GIS.

3D Studio Max is a PC-based 3D modeling, rendering and animation software developed by Discreet. It was originally named 3D Studio and later released as 3D Studio Max on the Windows NT platform. The software provides a wealth of functions, including modeling, animation, rendering, and collaboration with other software. The latest version is 2024, supports multiple operating systems, and has multi-language capabilities.

STL (StereoLithography) is a file format developed by 3D Systems for 3D printing and computer-aided design. It is widely used in the fields of rapid prototyping and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).

GeoJSONB is a binary format used in PostgreSQL databases for storing GeoJSON data. It enables the database to handle geospatial data in a more compact and efficient manner. This format is supported by the PostGIS extension for PostgreSQL, which is a specialized geospatial database extension designed to enhance PostgreSQL's capabilities in managing location-based information.

LAS/LAZ (LiDAR Point Cloud Format) files are standard formats for storing 3D point cloud data acquired through LiDAR technology, established by the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS). The LAS format uses a binary structure to store attributes such as 3D coordinates (X, Y, Z), intensity, return number, and classification for each point. LAZ is a compressed version of LAS that significantly reduces file size while maintaining data integrity.

3D Tiles (Cesium Standard), as an open standard, defines methods for streaming transmission and visualization of large-scale 3D geospatial data on the web. Proposed and open-sourced by the Cesium team, it has now become an OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) Candidate Standard and is widely used in digital cities, smart campuses, geological exploration, and other fields. Its core design employs a Hierarchical Level of Detail (HLOD) structure, which uses spatial partitioning algorithms to divide 3D models into multi-resolution tiles. This supports dynamic data loading based on the view frustum range, effectively addressing issues in traditional 3D models such as excessive memory usage and rendering lag in browsers.

Ordnance Survey National Transfer Format (NTF) is a spatial data exchange format developed by the Ordnance Survey (OS) of Great Britain. It is primarily used for the transfer and sharing of cadastral and topographic data. Based on the ISO 8211 standard and employing a binary encoding scheme, it facilitates efficient two-way transfer of national surveying and mapping data between local and central government systems. Its design incorporates three layers—physical file structure, logical model, and application protocol—ensuring the preservation of topological relationships and coordinate system compatibility during data conversion.