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TopoJSON (Topology JSON Format) is a JSON-based vector data format designed to efficiently represent geospatial data. Proposed by American data visualization researcher Mike Bostock, it extends the standard GeoJSON format and is characterized by explicitly preserving the topology (adjacency relationships and shared boundaries) of geographic data. TopoJSON adopts a structure where boundary lines shared among multiple geographic objects are stored only once and then referenced, enabling significant data size reduction. Therefore, it is widely used in scenarios requiring lightweight, high-speed geographic data delivery, such as web maps and data visualization.

Parquet / GeoParquet is a cloud-native data format built on Apache Parquet, a columnar data format, extended to efficiently store and process geospatial data. GeoParquet adds metadata specifications for handling geospatial information and is designed to enable high-speed processing of large-scale spatial data in cloud environments and distributed processing platforms. It is primarily used in environments such as big data analytics, cloud GIS, and geospatial data lakes, and is recognized as a next-generation geospatial data format gaining attention within the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) community.

Feather / GeoArrow is a geospatial data format extended from Apache Arrow, a columnar data format designed for high-speed data processing. It is designed to efficiently store and transfer large volumes of vector geographic data, achieving faster read/write performance and memory efficiency than conventional GIS formats. It is gaining attention as a next-generation format for high-speed processing of geographic data, particularly in cloud environments and big data analytics platforms. GeoArrow utilizes Arrow's columnar memory structure and is characterized by its ability to manage geometry and attribute data in a unified manner.

ENVI .HDR + .DAT is a raster data format widely used in ENVI, a remote sensing analysis software. It is primarily designed for storing multispectral images such as satellite imagery, aerial photographs, and hyperspectral data. This format consists of a combination of a .DAT file that stores the actual pixel data and a .HDR header file that stores metadata such as image size, number of bands, data type, and coordinate system. The ENVI format is simple in structure yet highly flexible, and is widely used in the fields of remote sensing and geospatial analysis. Additionally, due to its near-open specification, it can be read by many GIS and remote sensing software applications.

ASCAT (Advanced Scatterometer) is a active microwave radar instrument carried aboard the MetOp series of polar-orbiting satellites operated by EUMETSAT . As a real aperture radar scatterometer, ASCAT transmits C-band (5.255 GHz) microwave pulses and measures the backscatter from the Earth's surface to derive key geophysical parameters . The primary operational application is ocean surface wind vector retrieval, providing measurements of wind speed and direction over global oceans . Additionally, ASCAT data is used for soil moisture monitoring over land surfaces and sea ice detection . The instrument features two independent swaths of backscatter measurements, enabling wide spatial coverage and frequent revisit times.

DTM (Digital Terrain Model) is a type of geospatial data model that numerically represents the topography of the earth's surface. It records terrain relief, slopes, and topographic features in digital format, primarily focusing on ground elevation information, and is used for terrain analysis and geographic information processing. DTMs are typically expressed in formats such as grid-based raster data or TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network), and are characterized by representing "bare earth terrain" excluding features such as buildings and trees. They are often generated from survey data, airborne laser surveying (LiDAR), satellite remote sensing, and play an important role as foundational data in GIS and geographic analysis fields.

DOQ (Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle) is orthorectified aerial photograph data created in the United States. Primarily provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS), it corrects distortions caused by terrain relief and camera tilt in aerial photographs, allowing it to be used as image data with the same coordinate accuracy as maps. DOQs are typically created for areas corresponding to quarter sections of 1:24,000 scale topographic maps (Quadrangles) and are characterized by their ability to accurately represent features such as roads, rivers, buildings, and vegetation based on actual geographic coordinates. Therefore, they are widely used as foundational data in diverse GIS applications including map creation, urban planning, and land use analysis.

BSB (Nautical Chart Raster Format) is a raster data format primarily used for storing and distributing Raster Navigational Charts (RNC). Originally developed for chart distribution, it has now become one of the standard distribution formats for official raster navigational charts issued by hydrographic offices in various countries. The BSB format adds georeferencing information to scanned paper chart image data, enabling accurate position display on navigation support software. It is characterized by its design specifically tailored for maritime navigation applications.

RLA (Run-Length Encoded Raster) is a format that efficiently stores raster data using Run-Length Encoding (RLE). By recording consecutive pixel sequences with the same value as "value + repetition count," it achieves high compression efficiency, particularly for classified raster data or data with many homogeneous areas. RLA has a relatively simple data structure and has been used as a lightweight raster data storage method in image processing and GIS fields. It is suitable for raster data with high value continuity, such as elevation models, land use classifications, and binary mask data.

DRG (Digital Raster Graphic) is a raster data format created by scanning paper topographic maps at high resolution and adding georeferencing information. Primarily produced by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) through digitization of topographic maps, it preserves map information such as contour lines, roads, hydrography, and administrative boundaries as images. Since DRG contains geographic coordinate information, it can be overlaid with other geographic data in GIS and is widely used as base maps or reference maps.