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TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) is a commonly used image file format that supports multiple compression methods and color models, and can store multi-page documents, image metadata, alpha channels and other information. TIFF files are usually used in high-quality prints, publications and image processing, and can also be used to store scanned paper documents or photos. Due to its support for flexible pixel and metadata storage, TIFF format has been widely used in many industries.

NC (NetCDF, Network Common Data Form) is a self-describing, cross-platform scientific data format, widely used in meteorology, oceanography, earth science and other fields, for storing multidimensional array data (such as temperature, rainfall, wind speed, etc.). NetCDF is developed and maintained by Unidata and is one of the important standards in the field of scientific computing and analysis. It uses a hierarchical data model to store data in the form of variables, dimensions and attributes, making it flexible to represent complex scientific data sets while being efficient and easy to use.

VMDS (Visual Model Data Stream) is an efficient file format for 3D model data, designed for real-time rendering and fast loading of complex scenes. VMDS files are usually used to store and transmit 3D models, materials, animations, and related metadata. With streaming and compression as its core features, it supports efficient processing of large-scale 3D scenes, and is therefore widely used in game development, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and geographic information systems (GIS).

SDX (Spatial Data Exchange) is a common file format used to share and transfer spatial data between different GIS software. It can contain vector data and raster data, as well as attribute information related to them. They can store the geometry, topological relationships, attribute data, and spatial reference information of geographic features. By using SDX files, users can import, export, and share geographic data in different GIS software to achieve data interoperability and scalability.

QGZ files are compressed file formats used to save projects in QGIS (Quantum GIS) software. QGIS is an open source geographic information system (GIS) software that is widely used for visualization, editing, and analysis of spatial data. The QGZ format essentially compresses the configuration files (.qgs files in XML format) of the QGIS project into a single file for easy storage and transmission. Unlike QGS files, the QGZ format has better storage management capabilities and is particularly suitable for handling complex projects.

Raster data is a commonly used data format in geographic information systems (GIS). Its essence is a two-dimensional or three-dimensional data grid composed of a collection of pixels (grid cells). Each pixel (or cell) stores specific geographic information, such as terrain elevation, land use type, temperature or precipitation, expressed in the form of a numerical value. In the field of GIS, satellite images, aerial photos, digital elevation models (DEMs), etc. are usually stored and used in the form of raster data.

E02 file is part of the ArcInfo export file (E00 format) developed by ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute) and is the second file to split the exported data. In the E00 format, large GIS data can be split into multiple files for storage. The first file is named E00, the second file is named E01, the third file is named E02, and so on. The E02 file itself does not contain complete GIS data and must be used in conjunction with the E00 and E01 files to form a complete data set. This format is used to circumvent file size limitations when transferring or storing data.

SDW files (Shapefile World File) are one of the subsidiary files of Shapefile files, which are used to store the projection and coordinate system information of Shapefile. Shapefile is a commonly used Geographic Information System (GIS) data format for storing geospatial data and attribute data. SDW files are usually used together with Shapefile’s SHP files and other related files such as DBF and PRJ files.

MPK (Map Package) is a file format used to organize and transmit map data. It is a file type developed by Esri (Environmental Systems Research Institute) to package maps, layers, and related resources in a geographic information system (GIS) into a single file. MPK files store map data in a compressed form and can contain map layers, symbol styles, label settings, data sources, and other information.

**DXF **(Drawing Exchange Format) is a CAD data exchange file format developed by Autodesk, mainly used in AutoCAD software. DXF saves graphic data in text format to facilitate data exchange between different CAD software. Its file extension is “.dxf”, which can store graphic information (lines, circles, polylines, etc.), layer information, coordinates, text, and annotations in CAD drawings.