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OSM (Open Street Map) is an open source map dataset created and maintained by a volunteer community. Unlike traditional map data, OSM data is collected by volunteers using various data sources such as GPS devices, aerial images, topographic maps, and public satellite images. Users can use, edit, and distribute this data for free. OSM has global coverage and provides rich geographic data, including streets, buildings, rivers, lakes, mountains, public facilities, and more. At the same time, OSM also provides APIs and various tools to integrate this data into various applications.

SHX (Shape Index) files are a file format in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), mainly used to store the location and size information of all geometric objects in Shapefile files. SHX files are part of the Shapefile file format, a popular GIS data format developed by the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) to store the geometry and attribute information of geographic locations. SHX files are usually used together with SHP files (master files storing geometry information) and DBF files (dBASE tables storing attribute data), and the three together constitute a complete Shapefile dataset.

TBX (Toolbox File) is a container for organizing and managing geoprocessing tools. TBX can contain multiple geoprocessing tools, as well as related parameters and settings. Toolbox files (.tbx) are used to store and share these toolboxes and the tools in them.

MWS (MapWindow Session) is a session file format used by MapWindow GIS software. MWS files contain information about geospatial data, layer settings, symbolization, and map views. It allows users to save and load GIS projects to restore the state and configuration of maps in different work sessions. MWS files can contain vector data, raster data, styles, and symbol settings, providing GIS users with a convenient way to manage and share geospatial information.

PCIDSK (PCI Geomatics Database File) is a geospatial data file format developed by PCI Geomatics of Canada, mainly used in the fields of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). The format uses a database-like structure that can store vector and raster data in a single file and is known for its high compatibility with the PCI Geomatics product “Geomatica” software.

ArcGIS is a geographic information system (GIS) software platform developed by ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute). It provides a wealth of tools and functions for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying geographic data. ArcGIS has a variety of applications, including map making, spatial analysis, geolocation, resource management, environmental planning, and other fields.

QGS file is one of the standard formats of QGIS (Quantum GIS) software project files. It is an XML-based text file used to save QGIS project configurations, including data sources, layer styles, map views, coordinate reference systems, and other settings. The QGS file itself does not contain geographic data, but records how to reference and render external spatial data (such as vector files, raster data, databases, etc.).

Alembic is an open source geometry cache file format and related software tools widely used in the field of computer graphics. It is mainly used to efficiently transmit and exchange complex geometric data, especially animation and simulation data, between different 3D software and renderers. It is also gradually emerging in the field of geographic information systems (GIS). It can accurately store the vertex positions, animation keyframes, deformation information, etc. of 3D models, and has good compression performance, which can effectively reduce the amount of data and improve data transmission and storage efficiency.

**JSON **(JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data exchange format based on a subset of the JavaScript language and is widely used for data transmission and storage. JSON uses key-value pairs to represent data, using a simple, easy-to-read text format that is also easy to parse and generate, making it a universal data exchange format.

JTOpen is not a GIS software in the traditional sense. It is a set of open source class libraries for interacting with IBM i (formerly OS/400) systems in the Java language environment. However, it can play an important role in GIS application scenarios involving the association of geospatial data with IBM i systems.