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Web Map Service (WMS) is a standard protocol defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) for requesting and displaying geospatial map images over the Internet. These images are generated from geographic data and are usually displayed in raster formats (such as PNG, JPEG). The core function of WMS is to provide users with visualization of geographic data through standardized HTTP requests without directly delivering the data itself.

Web Feature Service (WFS) is a service for online sharing and interoperability of geographic feature data in a network environment. It is based on a distributed computing platform that supports the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and provides functions such as query, acquisition, creation, locking, update, and deletion of geographic features and their attribute data. WFS uses Geography Markup Language (GML) to describe geographic feature data and defines a variety of operations to implement these functions, including GetCapabilities, DescribeFeatureType, GetFeature, LockFeature (LockFeature, which may not be included in some implementations), and Transaction.

**Web Coverage Service (WCS) **is a geographic information service protocol based on the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard. It is designed to provide raster data (Coverage Data), allowing users to access and obtain geospatial coverage data through the Internet. Coverage data contains physical quantities or phenomena related to space, such as temperature, rainfall, altitude, etc. These data are usually stored in the form of regular grids or irregular grids, and are widely used in environmental monitoring, meteorological analysis, remote sensing data sharing and other fields.

Web Map Tile Service (WMTS), also known as Web Map Tile Service, is a solution that uses pre-generated tiles to provide electronic map services. The WMTS standard defines some operations that allow users to access tile maps. WMTS provides a standardized solution for publishing digital map services using a predefined tile method, making up for the inability of WMS (Web Map Service) to provide tiled maps. The purpose of the WMTS service is to provide services for tile maps.

Tile Map Service (TMS) is a network-based geographic information service protocol for efficiently loading and displaying map data. The core idea of TMS is to pre-cut map data into small tiles of fixed size (usually 256×256 pixels), and store and access them in a hierarchical (zoom level) and spatial index manner. The client dynamically requests the corresponding tiles according to the user’s view requirements, thereby achieving fast loading and smooth display. TMS usually organizes map data in the form of tile pyramids, which are gradually refined from the global view (low zoom level) to the local details (high zoom level), and the resolution of each level increases, so as to meet the multi-scale display requirements.

**CSW **is an OGC-standardized Web service protocol used to publish, discover, and access metadata of geospatial data and services. It supports searches based on keywords, geographic location, and other conditions through HTTP requests.

OGC API - Maps is a new generation of Web map service standards launched by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). It is based on the RESTful architecture and OpenAPI specification. It aims to replace the traditional WMS (Web Map Service) protocol, provide more efficient and flexible map tiles and dynamic map rendering services, and support multi-format output (such as PNG, JPEG, GeoTIFF) and spatial data interaction.

OGC API - Features is one of the next generation Web API specifications developed by the OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium), the international standardization organization for geospatial information, to standardize the access and operation of vector data (features). It is a modernized specification of the traditional WFS (Web Feature Service), and its RESTful structure and lightweight JSON-based data format make it highly compatible with the Web and cloud environments, making it very suitable for integration into mobile and Web applications.

OGC API - Tiles (formerly known as WMTS 2.0) is a new generation of geospatial data distribution API specification developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). It is designed to replace the traditional WMTS (Web Map Tile Service) 1.0, adopts a RESTful API architecture, and supports modern Web technologies. The specification provides a standardized method to efficiently provide map tiles, image tiles, and 3D tiles (such as 3D Tiles format) to clients based on HTTP. It is worth mentioning that it has an extensible structure and is widely used in smart cities, urban modeling, geospatial analysis platforms and other fields.

OGC API - Coverages is a geospatial data service specification developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), which aims to provide a standardized interface for continuous coverage data such as raster data and spatiotemporal grids. It defines how to access, query and process coverage data through a RESTful API, supports data types such as raster data band information and raster pixels, and is widely used in remote sensing, meteorology, oceanography and other fields.