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SHP (Shapefile) is a commonly used GIS data format. It is a vector data format designed by ESRI (Environmental Science Research Institute) and can be used to store and edit various geographic information data, such as points, lines, and surfaces. SHP files are a binary-based format that contains the geometric information and attribute information of geographic entities.

Longitude / Latitude Projection uses the longitude and latitude coordinate system of the earth, usually in degrees. The basic principle is to imagine a cylinder that is consistent with the direction of the earth’s axis and cuts or severing the earth, project the longitude and latitude grid onto the cylindrical surface according to the equiangular condition, and then unfold the cylindrical surface into a plane to obtain a plane longitude and latitude grid. After projection, the meridians are a set of vertical equidistant parallel straight lines, and the latitudes are a set of parallel straight lines perpendicular to the meridians. The interval between adjacent latitudes increases from the equator to the poles.

SBN files are spatial data index files used in ArcGIS software by Esri and exist as part of SHP files (Shapefiles). SBN files mainly store spatial index information and play a role in accelerating the spatial query and display speed of Shapefiles.

**MVT **(MapBox Vector Tile) is a map vector tile format developed and launched by Mapbox. It uses vector data slicing and compression technology to cut geographic data into small vector tiles for fast loading and rendering in web maps and mobile applications.

OVR (Overview File) is a file format used to optimize the rapid access and visualization of large-scale imagery or geographic data. It is commonly used in geographic information systems (GIS) as a pyramid file or thumbnail storage method for image data, helping users quickly load, view, and process image data at different resolutions. OVR files reduce the frequent access to original high-resolution data by pre-generating image data of different resolutions, thus significantly improving data rendering efficiency.

MPJ files are project file formats used by MapInfo Professional to manage project information related to Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The file itself does not store geographic data, but contains reference information for multiple data files and layers associated with the project. MPJ is mainly used to save project settings and configuration information, including map display status, data source path, layer structure, and style settings. Therefore, MPJ files play an important role in reproducing the visualization and editing of geographic data.

MBTiles is a commonly used geospatial data format. It is a specification for storing map data in a tile-based manner. MBTiles files segment and encode map data in the form of tiles for fast display and interaction in GIS applications or online map services.

GPS Coordinate System, that is, the coordinate system used by the Global Positioning System, is usually based on the geographic coordinate system (EPSG:4326) WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984). This is a universal reference system used to determine the longitude and latitude of any point on the earth. WGS84 is a geocentric coordinate system with the center of mass of the earth as the origin. It is widely used in navigation, surveying, mapping and geographic information systems (GIS).

**AUX file (Auxiliary File) **is a file used in GIS (Geographic Information System) to store auxiliary information (such as spatial index, attribute index, metadata, etc.) of geographic datasets, aiming to improve the efficiency of spatial query and analysis.

Tokyo Datum (Tokyo 1918 | EPSG:4301) is a geodetic reference frame adopted by Japan in the early days. Its ellipsoidal parameters (such as the major semi-axis and inverse flattening) are set based on old surveying techniques, and the prime meridian passes through the original site of the Tokyo Observatory (not Greenwich). This coordinate system is mainly used for mapping and engineering surveying in Japan. After its establishment in 1918, it has long served the Japanese geographic information field. However, due to technical limitations, its accuracy and compatibility with international standards have gradually fallen behind.