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USGS DEM is an open DEM data format standard defined by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). It uses ASCII code for storage and consists of three logical records: A (file header), B (section data), and C (precision information). Each logical record unit is fixed at 1024 bytes. This format supports both UTM projection and geographic coordinate (seconds) grid types, and the data range covers a variety of geographic grid products, including 7.5 minutes, 30 minutes, and 1 degree. Its files can be directly read and converted to common raster formats using tools such as ArcGIS. The GDAL library natively supports parsing and can automatically identify coordinate systems and elevation units (meters/feet).

DEM (Digital Elevation Model) is a universal terrain data format and concept that represents ground surface elevation in a grid-based (raster) numerical form. Each grid cell stores a corresponding elevation value, enabling quantitative analysis of terrain undulation and shape. As a vendor-neutral general-purpose format, DEM is widely used and regarded as a fundamental and essential spatial dataset across various fields, including terrain analysis, cartography, simulation, disaster prevention, and environmental analysis.

FlatGeobuf is a high-performance binary-encoded vector geographic data format designed for processing large-scale static geographic data. It utilizes FlatBuffers technology for compact storage and fast read/write speeds. It features a built-in Packed Hilbert R-Tree spatial index and supports streaming and on-demand loading, significantly improving network transmission efficiency and rendering speed. It is particularly well-suited for scenarios requiring efficient processing of massive amounts of geospatial data. As an open-source format, FlatGeobuf is compatible with mainstream tools such as GDAL, QGIS, and GeoServer, and supports multi-language implementations, making it an ideal alternative to traditional Shapefiles and GeoJSON.

ADF (ArcInfo Binary Grid Format) is a proprietary raster data format developed by Esri. It is used for storing and managing raster data, which can contain various types of geospatial information such as elevation data, land cover types, vegetation indices, etc. The ADF format can store raster layers with different resolutions and data types, making it significant in GIS applications.

STL (StereoLithography) is a file format developed by 3D Systems for 3D printing and computer-aided design. It is widely used in the fields of rapid prototyping and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).

RLA (Run-Length Encoded Raster) is a format that efficiently stores raster data using Run-Length Encoding (RLE). By recording consecutive pixel sequences with the same value as "value + repetition count," it achieves high compression efficiency, particularly for classified raster data or data with many homogeneous areas. RLA has a relatively simple data structure and has been used as a lightweight raster data storage method in image processing and GIS fields. It is suitable for raster data with high value continuity, such as elevation models, land use classifications, and binary mask data.

DTM (Digital Terrain Model) is a type of geospatial data model that numerically represents the topography of the earth's surface. It records terrain relief, slopes, and topographic features in digital format, primarily focusing on ground elevation information, and is used for terrain analysis and geographic information processing. DTMs are typically expressed in formats such as grid-based raster data or TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network), and are characterized by representing "bare earth terrain" excluding features such as buildings and trees. They are often generated from survey data, airborne laser surveying (LiDAR), satellite remote sensing, and play an important role as foundational data in GIS and geographic analysis fields.

3D Studio Max is a PC-based 3D modeling, rendering and animation software developed by Discreet. It was originally named 3D Studio and later released as 3D Studio Max on the Windows NT platform. The software provides a wealth of functions, including modeling, animation, rendering, and collaboration with other software. The latest version is 2024, supports multiple operating systems, and has multi-language capabilities.

TIGER is a topological vector data model developed by the U.S. Census Bureau for storing and managing geospatial data. This model explicitly records the topological relationships between points, lines, and surfaces, preserving spatial adjacency information between objects. It is widely used in fields such as demographics and urban planning. Its data format supports efficient spatial query and analysis, forming a crucial foundation for early Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

JPGIS (Japan Geographic Information Standard) is a geographic information standardization system developed by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan.