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3D Tiles (Cesium Standard), as an open standard, defines methods for streaming transmission and visualization of large-scale 3D geospatial data on the web. Proposed and open-sourced by the Cesium team, it has now become an OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) Candidate Standard and is widely used in digital cities, smart campuses, geological exploration, and other fields. Its core design employs a Hierarchical Level of Detail (HLOD) structure, which uses spatial partitioning algorithms to divide 3D models into multi-resolution tiles. This supports dynamic data loading based on the view frustum range, effectively addressing issues in traditional 3D models such as excessive memory usage and rendering lag in browsers.

DGN (MicroStation Native Format) is a CAD file format developed based on Microsoft's OLE2 file structure, primarily used in 3D, BIM, and GIS industries. Developed by Bentley Systems, this CAD format is designed for recording and exchanging design data, offering a comprehensive data model and multi-layer drafting capabilities while supporting operation across multiple platforms.

Ordnance Survey National Transfer Format (NTF) is a spatial data exchange format developed by the Ordnance Survey (OS) of Great Britain. It is primarily used for the transfer and sharing of cadastral and topographic data. Based on the ISO 8211 standard and employing a binary encoding scheme, it facilitates efficient two-way transfer of national surveying and mapping data between local and central government systems. Its design incorporates three layers—physical file structure, logical model, and application protocol—ensuring the preservation of topological relationships and coordinate system compatibility during data conversion.

STL (StereoLithography) is a file format developed by 3D Systems for 3D printing and computer-aided design. It is widely used in the fields of rapid prototyping and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).

3D Studio Max is a PC-based 3D modeling, rendering and animation software developed by Discreet. It was originally named 3D Studio and later released as 3D Studio Max on the Windows NT platform. The software provides a wealth of functions, including modeling, animation, rendering, and collaboration with other software. The latest version is 2024, supports multiple operating systems, and has multi-language capabilities.

GeoPDF embeds geographic spatial information (such as latitude and longitude coordinates and coordinate reference systems) in standard PDF files, enabling ordinary PDF readers (such as Adobe Reader) to support geographic location viewing, map navigation, and basic geographic analysis functions, combining the portability of PDF with the data analysis capabilities of GIS.

S57 (Standard for Electronic Navigational Charts) is an international standard developed by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) for the exchange and display of electronic nautical chart data, primarily used in marine navigation systems. It standardizes the format, structure, and content of chart data, ensuring interoperability between electronic nautical chart systems from different manufacturers, providing ships with accurate and unified critical navigation information such as water depth, channel, and obstacles. In short, S57 is the "universal language" of electronic nautical charts, ensuring safe and efficient maritime navigation.

CNSDTF (China National Standard Geospatial Data Exchange Format) is a national standard for geographic information system (GIS) data exchange in China. It unifies the storage and transmission formats of spatial data, such as vector and raster data, and addresses data compatibility issues across different platforms. Its core goal is to enable efficient cross-system sharing through structured file headers, feature parameters, and separated geometry/attribute data. It is widely used in fields such as land planning and environmental monitoring.

LVB is a proprietary geospatial data format developed by Beijing SuperMap Software Company, primarily used for storing and managing vector map data. Optimized for the SuperMap GIS platform, it supports efficient spatial data compression and fast retrieval, making it a popular choice for professional geographic information system applications in areas such as land planning and smart cities. It boasts strong compatibility and seamless integration with the SuperMap suite of software.

GeoVRML (Geographic Virtual Reality Modeling Language) is an extension of VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) designed specifically for the 3D visualization of geospatial data. It uses standardized tags to describe terrain, coordinate systems, and geographic objects, enabling the sharing and interaction of 3D geographic scenes over the internet. It is commonly used for virtual simulation in fields such as Digital Earth and urban planning.