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HERE Maps API is a suite of mapping and location-based service APIs provided by Germany-based HERE Technologies. Widely used in web applications, mobile apps, and enterprise systems, it primarily provides functionality such as map display, route navigation, location search, geocoding, and traffic information. With its high-precision map data and real-time traffic information, it has been widely adopted in the automotive industry, logistics, smart city development, and other fields.

Mapbox is a US-based map and location service provider that provides APIs and SDKs for developers to help them build custom map apps and visualization tools. It covers map data from all over the world and uses WebGL technology to create high-performance 2D and 3D maps. It supports real-time data visualization, route calculation, geocoding, and other features. By utilizing an open source toolchain, you can quickly build location-based services in a variety of fields, including navigation, logistics, and smart cities. It features vector tile technology and a flexible style system, and also provides global base map data and satellite imagery.

Google Maps Platform is one of the most widely used map services in the world, providing detailed map data, navigation, real-time traffic information, Street View imagery, and more. It is a cloud-based map service provided by Google, and through a wide range of APIs and SDKs, developers can integrate map display, route guidance, spot search, and other functions into their own applications. It is used in a wide range of industries, including logistics, retail, and mobility.

Reverse Geocoding API is a technical interface that converts longitude and latitude coordinates into human-readable addresses. It automatically returns the corresponding structured address information (such as "Tiananmen Square, Dongcheng District, Beijing") by inputting GPS coordinates (such as 116.404,39.915), and supports the attachment of surrounding POI (points of interest) data. This service is widely used in map navigation, logistics tracking, location analysis and other scenarios, and is one of the core components of LBS (location-based services).

Reverse Geocoding API is a technical interface that converts longitude and latitude coordinates into human-readable addresses. It automatically returns the corresponding structured address information (such as "Tiananmen Square, Dongcheng District, Beijing") by inputting GPS coordinates (such as 116.404,39.915), and supports the attachment of surrounding POI (points of interest) data. This service is widely used in map navigation, logistics tracking, location analysis and other scenarios, and is one of the core components of LBS (location-based services).

Geocoding API is a service for converting addresses into geographic coordinates (such as longitude and latitude) and converting geographic coordinates into human-readable addresses. It is widely used in map and location-related applications.

USGS Landsat Look Viewer API is an online tool provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) that allows users to browse and download Landsat satellite images since 1972, supporting multiple data types and advanced query functions. LandsatLook Viewer API aims to provide Geographic Information System (GIS) users with an efficient and convenient way to obtain and analyze Landsat images, and is an important tool for remote sensing research and environmental monitoring. Users can obtain more detailed instructions and development support by reading the official documentation.

Web Feature Service (WFS) is a service for online sharing and interoperability of geographic feature data in a network environment. It is based on a distributed computing platform that supports the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and provides functions such as query, acquisition, creation, locking, update, and deletion of geographic features and their attribute data. WFS uses Geography Markup Language (GML) to describe geographic feature data and defines a variety of operations to implement these functions, including GetCapabilities, DescribeFeatureType, GetFeature, LockFeature (LockFeature, which may not be included in some implementations), and Transaction.

OGC API - Coverages is a geospatial data service specification developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), which aims to provide a standardized interface for continuous coverage data such as raster data and spatiotemporal grids. It defines how to access, query and process coverage data through a RESTful API, supports data types such as raster data band information and raster pixels, and is widely used in remote sensing, meteorology, oceanography and other fields.

JPGIS (Japan Geographic Information Standard) is a geographic information standardization system developed by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan.