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CityGML, an international standard for the exchange of 3D city model data developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), uses XML encoding to uniformly describe the geometric, topological, semantic, and appearance attributes of urban elements.

LVB is a proprietary geospatial data format developed by Beijing SuperMap Software Company, primarily used for storing and managing vector map data. Optimized for the SuperMap GIS platform, it supports efficient spatial data compression and fast retrieval, making it a popular choice for professional geographic information system applications in areas such as land planning and smart cities. It boasts strong compatibility and seamless integration with the SuperMap suite of software.

Pelias/geocode.earth API is an open-source geocoding service that provides bidirectional conversion between addresses and coordinates. It supports forward geocoding (finding location coordinates from an address) and reverse geocoding (retrieving specific location information from coordinates), and includes structured geocoding capabilities to handle segmented data (such as house numbers, streets, etc.). The API also offers autocomplete functionality, providing real-time suggestions for location names and returning detailed information including names, addresses, and coordinates. Its typical application scenarios include providing precise address search for mapping services, enabling real-time location navigation for mobile applications, and converting address data into geographic coordinates for spatial analysis.

GeoJSONB is a binary format used in PostgreSQL databases for storing GeoJSON data. It enables the database to handle geospatial data in a more compact and efficient manner. This format is supported by the PostGIS extension for PostgreSQL, which is a specialized geospatial database extension designed to enhance PostgreSQL's capabilities in managing location-based information.

The Planet Labs API is an API provided by the US-based company Planet Labs for delivering Earth observation satellite data. It is characterized by its ability to programmatically search, retrieve, and analyze satellite imagery captured by a large number of small Earth observation satellites (known as the "Dove" constellation), offering high-frequency and high-temporal-resolution data. A key strength lies in its "daily revisit" capability, enabling near-real-time monitoring of surface changes—a significant departure from traditional satellite data services.

GeoPDF embeds geographic spatial information (such as latitude and longitude coordinates and coordinate reference systems) in standard PDF files, enabling ordinary PDF readers (such as Adobe Reader) to support geographic location viewing, map navigation, and basic geographic analysis functions, combining the portability of PDF with the data analysis capabilities of GIS.

COLLADA / DAE is an open standard 3D data format designed for the exchange of 3D models and digital assets. Managed by the Khronos Group, it is XML-based and can describe 3D geometry, materials, textures, animations, scene structures, and more. It is widely used as a "neutral exchange format" enabling data interoperability between different software applications in game engines, 3D CG production tools, BIM, and the 3D GIS field.

LandXML is an XML-based civil engineering data exchange format primarily used for sharing infrastructure design data such as roads, terrain, and land parcels between different CAD platforms. It uses standardized data structures to transfer geometric information (such as surfaces and COGO points) and attribute data between software like Autodesk Civil 3D. It supports specialized parameters such as northing/easting/elevation coordinate systems and station number disconnection. This format is particularly suitable for terrain processing and survey data import, effectively reducing model conversion time and maintaining data integrity.

NITF (National Imagery Transmission Format) is a specialized imagery data format developed by the United States Department of Defense, primarily for the storage and transmission of high-definition grayscale and color imagery for military and intelligence purposes. This format supports multiple compression methods (such as JPEG and JPEG2000) and integrates text, graphics, and metadata into a single file, conforming to the ISO/IEC 15444-1 standard. Features include high-precision geographic coordinate support (via IGELO or RPC metadata) and cross-platform compatibility (parsable with tools such as GDAL), making it widely used for satellite imagery, aerial photography, and government data exchange.

OBJ (Wavefront 3D Model Format, can include geographic coordinates) is a plain text 3D format developed by Wavefront Technologies. It stores geometric information (vertices, normals, UV coordinates) and polygonal face data, and supports referencing textures and lighting properties through external .mtl material files. Its openness and cross-platform compatibility make it a universal intermediate format in fields such as 3D modeling, game development, and 3D printing. However, it requires additional files to define georeferencing and does not support animation or complex scene data.