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Hartebeesthoek94 (EPSG:4148) is a geographic coordinate system covering all of South Africa and has been adopted as the country's national geodetic standard. This coordinate system is based on the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), which uses the Earth's center of gravity, and was introduced in 1994. Its primary purpose is to obtain and use accurate location information within South Africa for purposes such as mapping, surveying, infrastructure management, and disaster prevention. It is highly compatible with GNSS (particularly GPS) and provides positional accuracy that takes into account the effects of long-term crustal movement, making it also useful for geological surveys and wide-area surveys.

RGF93 (Référentiel Géodésique Français 1993 | EPSG:4171) is the geodetic reference system adopted as the location standard for geospatial data throughout France. It is based on the international geodetic standard ITRF (International Terrestrial Reference Frame) and aims to unify geographic information and provide high-precision positioning throughout France and its overseas territories. RGF93 is widely used as a standard foundation to ensure positional accuracy and consistency in GPS observations and spatial analysis in geographic information systems (GIS).

ETRS89-LAEA is a geographic coordinate system formed by combining the European Terrestrial Reference System (ETRS89) with the Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area Projection (LAEA), which is mainly used for spatial data unification within the European Union. It takes the center of the earth as the origin and uses an equal area projection to keep the area unchanged, making it suitable for large-scale statistical analysis and environmental monitoring. This coordinate system is promoted by the European Organization for Surveying and Mapping (EUROSTAT) and is one of the standardized projections recommended by the INSPIRE directive.

Lambert Conformal Conic is a conformal conic projection coordinate system proposed by German mathematician Lambert. It projects the earth's surface onto a cone surface, keeping the angle unchanged but with length deformation. It is often used for mapping in mid-latitude areas. The coordinate system is divided into two forms: the positive axis (symmetric along the standard parallel) and the oblique axis, which is suitable for map applications with moderate regional scope.

SAD69 coordinate system is the abbreviation of South American Datum 1969, which is a geodetic reference system widely used in South America. It is based on the Krasovsky ellipsoid and established through the astronomical geodetic network data of Brazil, Argentina and other countries. It is mainly used for topographic mapping and geographic information applications in South American countries. This coordinate system has local deformation due to regional gravity field differences and is gradually being replaced by more accurate modern datums such as SIRGAS2000.

Korea 2000 coordinate system is the national plane coordinate system adopted by Korea in 2002. It is based on ITRF97 framework and GRS80 ellipsoid and adopts transverse Mercator projection (central meridian 127°E). It replaced the old Tokyo coordinate system and is compatible with global satellite positioning systems (such as GPS). It has higher accuracy and is widely used in Korea's land surveying and engineering construction.

DGN95 (Datum Geodesi Nasional 1995) is a geographic coordinate reference system officially adopted by the Indonesian government in 1995 and is used as the surveying and geographic information infrastructure throughout Indonesia. Its EPSG code is designated as 4755 and was designed to suit Indonesia's geographic characteristics and geodetic requirements. DGN95 is based on the international geodetic standard ITRF1992 (International Terrestrial Reference Frame 1992) and is the national standard to ensure uniformity in surveying and highly accurate location information.

NZGD2000 (New Zealand Geodetic Datum 2000) is the New Zealand 2000 geodetic datum, which is the current national geodetic coordinate system of New Zealand. It is used to define the reference framework of the country's geospatial data and plays an important role in surveying and mapping, geographic information, engineering and other fields.

A Compound CRS achieves unified representation of multi-dimensional spatial data by combining multiple coordinate reference systems (CRS). For example, it integrates a planar coordinate system (e.g., EPSG:7661) with an elevation system (e.g., EPSG:3855) to form a complete "planar + elevation" spatial description. Its core features include ensuring consistency between horizontal and vertical coordinate systems through associated parameters (such as ellipsoids and datums), making it suitable for fields requiring simultaneous expression of planar positions and elevations, such as terrain modeling and 3D GIS analysis. Technically, a Compound CRS typically comprises a horizontal CRS and a vertical CRS, unified through nested or associated parameters.

UTM Zone (Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinate System) is a coordinate system that converts latitude and longitude coordinates on the Earth's surface into a planar Cartesian coordinate system. It is widely used in map creation, engineering surveying, and military applications. Its core principle involves reducing distortion through zonal projection and achieving high-precision positioning through standardized coordinate representation.