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Orthographic projection is a map projection method that depicts the Earth as if seen from an infinite distance. It is used to maintain a certain degree of accuracy while maintaining a sense of depth when projecting a spherical surface onto a flat surface. It can reproduce the appearance of a part of the Earth as seen from space, allowing for realistic and beautiful map representations. This projection projects the Earth's surface onto a flat surface through a straight line drawn vertically from the center of the Earth, so it places more importance on a natural appearance and intuitive understanding than on the accuracy of distance and area.

Azimuthal equidistant projection is a map projection that is drawn to accurately maintain direction and distance from a single point (reference point) on the Earth. Its greatest feature is that the straight-line distance and azimuth angle from the center point to all other points are accurately represented on the map. It is often used in applications where accuracy of direction and distance is important, such as air navigation and communications.

SAIF (Spatial Archive and Interchange Format) is an open geographic data standard developed under the leadership of the Canadian government. It uses an object-oriented multiple inheritance model to build a standardized framework containing more than 300 basic classes. It realizes one-to-many data conversion and interoperability across GIS platforms and database systems through the SAIF/ZIP compression mechanism, providing a unified intermediate exchange format for multi-source heterogeneous geographic spatial data. It is particularly suitable for cross-platform data sharing scenarios that require compatibility with multiple commercial software and databases.

3D Tiles service is a map slicing service built based on the 3D Tiles specification developed by Cesium. It is designed to efficiently visualize and distribute large-scale three-dimensional spatial data and is an important technical foundation for modern Web GIS. It is mainly used to achieve high-speed rendering and interaction in Web browsers for complex data such as BIM, CIM, point clouds, three-dimensional models, and terrain. The client can browse interactively through visualization engines such as CesiumJS, while the server is responsible for organizing and distributing data hierarchically based on the 3D Tiles format. Through spatial segmentation technology based on LOD (level of detail) and streaming transmission mechanism, the 3D Tiles service achieves lightweight and fast data loading, which is especially suitable for city-level models and point cloud data, and is widely used in smart cities, urban planning, disaster prevention, infrastructure management and other fields.

Web Map Tile Service (WMTS), also known as Web Map Tile Service, is a solution that uses pre-generated tiles to provide electronic map services. The WMTS standard defines some operations that allow users to access tile maps. WMTS provides a standardized solution for publishing digital map services using a predefined tile method, making up for the inability of WMS (Web Map Service) to provide tiled maps. The purpose of the WMTS service is to provide services for tile maps.

Mapbox API is a development interface provided by a powerful geolocation data platform, designed to help developers implement highly customized map display, geocoding, route planning, navigation, data visualization and other functions in their applications. Mapbox provides a series of flexible development tools and APIs, supports mainstream development environments such as Web, iOS, and Android, and facilitates developers to achieve a consistent map experience on different platforms.

Bing Maps API is a map and location information service platform provided by Microsoft. It is aimed at developers and is used to integrate map display, route search, geocoding and other functions into web applications or mobile applications. It is as famous as Google Maps API and is widely used in enterprises and business systems.

Cesium Terrain Service is a server designed for Cesium.js. It is used to easily provide file system-based terrain tilesets. It supports working with CesiumTerrainProvider class of Cesium.js to render high-precision terrain data in the browser. It uses binary file structure to store terrain data. Based on Quantized Mesh technology, it reduces data storage space through compression and quantization processing, and improves loading and rendering performance. The service supports on-demand data loading, dynamically loads terrain slices of different resolutions according to user views, adapts to different levels of view requirements, and ensures efficient terrain loading.

OGC API - Tiles (formerly known as WMTS 2.0) is a new generation of geospatial data distribution API specification developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). It is designed to replace the traditional WMTS (Web Map Tile Service) 1.0, adopts a RESTful API architecture, and supports modern Web technologies. The specification provides a standardized method to efficiently provide map tiles, image tiles, and 3D tiles (such as 3D Tiles format) to clients based on HTTP. It is worth mentioning that it has an extensible structure and is widely used in smart cities, urban modeling, geospatial analysis platforms and other fields.

NASA Earthdata API is a programmable interface provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that enables users to access earth observation data. Through this API, users can obtain remote sensing data collected by various satellites and sensors such as MODIS, Landsat, Sentinel, SMAP, ASTER, etc., covering many fields such as climate change, atmosphere, water cycle, land use, etc. The API is deeply integrated with Earthdata Search, DAAC (Distributed Active Archive Center) and other systems, enabling researchers, developers, government agencies and educational institutions to efficiently obtain and analyze data according to their own needs. By using this API, users can search, filter and download data directly in web applications or scripts, greatly improving scientific research efficiency and development flexibility.