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A Compound CRS achieves unified representation of multi-dimensional spatial data by combining multiple coordinate reference systems (CRS). For example, it integrates a planar coordinate system (e.g., EPSG:7661) with an elevation system (e.g., EPSG:3855) to form a complete "planar + elevation" spatial description. Its core features include ensuring consistency between horizontal and vertical coordinate systems through associated parameters (such as ellipsoids and datums), making it suitable for fields requiring simultaneous expression of planar positions and elevations, such as terrain modeling and 3D GIS analysis. Technically, a Compound CRS typically comprises a horizontal CRS and a vertical CRS, unified through nested or associated parameters.

UTM Zone (Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinate System) is a coordinate system that converts latitude and longitude coordinates on the Earth's surface into a planar Cartesian coordinate system. It is widely used in map creation, engineering surveying, and military applications. Its core principle involves reducing distortion through zonal projection and achieving high-precision positioning through standardized coordinate representation.

Albers equal-area conic projection is an equal-area conic projection that utilizes two standard parallels. Compared to projections with only one standard parallel, this approach helps reduce distortion to some extent. It is best suited for mapping large continental areas extending predominantly in an east-west direction in the mid-latitudes and is commonly used for maps of the contiguous United States, Europe, and Australia.

Robinson projection is a widely used map projection method developed since the 1960s, designed to represent the entire world on a single map. It seeks a practical compromise for displaying the whole Earth on a flat surface. Introduced in 1963 by Dr. Arthur H. Robinson, this projection features straight latitude lines and evenly spaced meridians, classifying it as a pseudocylindrical projection. While the central meridian is straight, all other meridians are curved. Robinson defined this projection by constructing a lookup table of Cartesian coordinates through specific interpolation of latitudes and longitudes, rather than using mathematical formulas.

CARTO Tiles API is an interface provided by the CARTO platform for efficiently processing and visualizing geospatial data. By splitting large datasets into pre-rendered tiles, it optimizes map loading speed and browsing experience, supporting various tile types such as dynamic and aggregated tiles. Built on the OGC API-Tiles standard, it integrates with CARTO’s declarative language, deck.gl, enabling flexible map styling and interactive application development.

TomTom Maps SDK / Web API is a toolkit integrated into web and mobile applications to build location-based service experiences. It provides map display, route planning, style customization, and data analysis capabilities, supporting multi-platform usage. The SDK allows developers to display multiple entity locations simultaneously on maps via API calls and leverages millions of data points collected by TomTom for efficient development. Compatible with both web-based and native mobile application platforms, it is suitable for various scenarios such as automotive navigation, public sector decision-making, autonomous driving, and logistics management.

MapQuest API is an application programming interface that provides location-based services such as geocoding, route planning, and POI search. Developers can invoke its services by sending HTTP requests, for example, to convert addresses into coordinates or calculate driving routes. It supports multiple map data sources (e.g., OpenStreetMap, Bing Maps) and allows free access to basic services through an API key. This API is commonly used in scenarios like logistics optimization and location sharing. For instance, one organization utilized it to reduce meal delivery route planning time and costs.

Esri GeoEvent Server is an enterprise-level software provided by Esri, designed for real-time processing, analysis, and dissemination of event-based geospatial data streams. It can connect to multiple real-time data sources, perform real-time analysis on event data through filters and processors, and deliver processed results to client applications, feature services, dashboards, or other destinations. This technology is commonly used in smart cities, traffic monitoring, and other scenarios requiring real-time responsiveness, helping users quickly adapt to dynamic changes.

**Amersfoort (EPSG:4289) **is a widely used geographic coordinate system in the Netherlands, using Bessel 1841 as the base ellipsoid, with the geodetic base point at Amersfoort. This coordinate system has long played an important role in land surveying, mapping, and infrastructure development in the Netherlands. EPSG:4289 uses geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude), making it suitable for expressing wide-area location information on the Earth’s surface.

LAS/LAZ (LiDAR Point Cloud Format) files are standard formats for storing 3D point cloud data acquired through LiDAR technology, established by the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS). The LAS format uses a binary structure to store attributes such as 3D coordinates (X, Y, Z), intensity, return number, and classification for each point. LAZ is a compressed version of LAS that significantly reduces file size while maintaining data integrity.