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OGC API - Maps is a new generation of Web map service standards launched by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). It is based on the RESTful architecture and OpenAPI specification. It aims to replace the traditional WMS (Web Map Service) protocol, provide more efficient and flexible map tiles and dynamic map rendering services, and support multi-format output (such as PNG, JPEG, GeoTIFF) and spatial data interaction.

OpenTopography API is a RESTful web service interface for developers, through which developers can access global DEM (digital elevation model) datasets hosted by OpenTopography, such as Copernicus GL30, NASA DEM, SRTM, etc. The API is documented using the OpenAPI specification and can be visualized and tested through Swagger. Users need to register through the OpenTopography portal and obtain an API key to authenticate when accessing the API.

Tile Map Service (TMS) is a network-based geographic information service protocol for efficiently loading and displaying map data. The core idea of TMS is to pre-cut map data into small tiles of fixed size (usually 256×256 pixels), and store and access them in a hierarchical (zoom level) and spatial index manner. The client dynamically requests the corresponding tiles according to the user’s view requirements, thereby achieving fast loading and smooth display. TMS usually organizes map data in the form of tile pyramids, which are gradually refined from the global view (low zoom level) to the local details (high zoom level), and the resolution of each level increases, so as to meet the multi-scale display requirements.

ArcGIS REST API is a set of interfaces designed based on the REST architectural style for accessing and using the geospatial services published by ArcGIS Server. It allows users to obtain and operate various GIS resources on the server, such as map services, feature services, geometry services, etc., through URLs. Since ArcGIS Server 9.3, ArcGIS REST API has been providing services through which clients can access GIS services published on the server. For example, users can obtain the GIS service directory through a specific URL, or perform operations such as map output and query.

HERE Maps API is a set of map and location service APIs provided by HERE Technologies, a company headquartered in Germany. It is widely used in web applications, mobile apps and enterprise systems, and is mainly used to implement map display, route navigation, location search, geocoding, traffic information and other functions. With high-precision map data and real-time traffic information, it has been widely used in the automotive industry, logistics, smart city development and other fields.

**Web Coverage Service (WCS) **is a geographic information service protocol based on the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard. It is designed to provide raster data (Coverage Data), allowing users to access and obtain geospatial coverage data through the Internet. Coverage data contains physical quantities or phenomena related to space, such as temperature, rainfall, altitude, etc. These data are usually stored in the form of regular grids or irregular grids, and are widely used in environmental monitoring, meteorological analysis, remote sensing data sharing and other fields.

Web Map Service (WMS) is a standard protocol defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) for requesting and displaying geospatial map images over the Internet. These images are generated from geographic data and are usually displayed in raster formats (such as PNG, JPEG). The core function of WMS is to provide users with visualization of geographic data through standardized HTTP requests without directly delivering the data itself.

**CSW **is an OGC-standardized Web service protocol used to publish, discover, and access metadata of geospatial data and services. It supports searches based on keywords, geographic location, and other conditions through HTTP requests.

OGC API - Features is one of the next generation Web API specifications developed by the OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium), the international standardization organization for geospatial information, to standardize the access and operation of vector data (features). It is a modernized specification of the traditional WFS (Web Feature Service), and its RESTful structure and lightweight JSON-based data format make it highly compatible with the Web and cloud environments, making it very suitable for integration into mobile and Web applications.

Sentinel Hub is a cloud API platform for satellite imagery operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). It supports the Sentinel series of satellites (such as Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, Sentinel-3, etc.), as well as other data sources such as Landsat and MODIS. The platform uses APIs to enhance access to satellite data. Users can process data of interest through its APIs and access these data in the required format to obtain analysis-ready data (ARD) without additional cleanup. Sentinel Hub provides functions such as EO Browser (interactive visualization tool) and Custom Script (JavaScript-based API, which can customize algorithms for batch processing of data), supports OGC services (such as WMS/WMTS/WCS protocols), and can be integrated into GIS software (such as QGIS).