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Parquet / GeoParquet is a cloud-native data format built on Apache Parquet, a columnar data format, extended to efficiently store and process geospatial data. GeoParquet adds metadata specifications for handling geospatial information and is designed to enable high-speed processing of large-scale spatial data in cloud environments and distributed processing platforms. It is primarily used in environments such as big data analytics, cloud GIS, and geospatial data lakes, and is recognized as a next-generation geospatial data format gaining attention within the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) community.

Feather / GeoArrow is a geospatial data format extended from Apache Arrow, a columnar data format designed for high-speed data processing. It is designed to efficiently store and transfer large volumes of vector geographic data, achieving faster read/write performance and memory efficiency than conventional GIS formats. It is gaining attention as a next-generation format for high-speed processing of geographic data, particularly in cloud environments and big data analytics platforms. GeoArrow utilizes Arrow's columnar memory structure and is characterized by its ability to manage geometry and attribute data in a unified manner.

ENVI .HDR + .DAT is a raster data format widely used in ENVI, a remote sensing analysis software. It is primarily designed for storing multispectral images such as satellite imagery, aerial photographs, and hyperspectral data. This format consists of a combination of a .DAT file that stores the actual pixel data and a .HDR header file that stores metadata such as image size, number of bands, data type, and coordinate system. The ENVI format is simple in structure yet highly flexible, and is widely used in the fields of remote sensing and geospatial analysis. Additionally, due to its near-open specification, it can be read by many GIS and remote sensing software applications.

Nextzen / Mapzen Turn-by-Turn API is an open-source navigation service that supports multiple modes of transportation including car, bicycle, walking, and public transit. It is used to integrate route planning, navigation instructions, and travel time estimation into web or mobile applications. It provides dynamic route calculation and real-time navigation capabilities, allowing developers to implement draggable waypoints and obtain text-based navigation instructions in Leaflet maps via plugins such as lrm-mapzen. Since the Mapzen service has been shut down, Nextzen, as its successor, offers a similar API integration solution, including routing and map data services.

Cesium Ion API is a cloud interface service provided by the Cesium platform for accessing its hosted global geospatial data, such as high-precision terrain, imagery, and 3D models. It uses an Access Token for authentication, allowing developers to call this API within their applications to quickly load high-quality 3D geographic data and achieve immersive globe visualization. It also supports users in uploading and managing their own spatial data assets, which can then be published and shared via the API.

Gaode LBS Cloud is a spatiotemporal intelligence platform for the industrial sector under the Gaode Map brand. Leveraging the "Yunrui" spatiotemporal industry large model and the "Yunjing" 3D reconstruction platform, it provides intelligent solutions based on spatiotemporal data for industries such as offline retail, transportation, logistics, energy, and finance. Integrating AI with spatial intelligence technologies, it supports dynamic 3D urban reconstruction and intelligent decision-making, helping enterprises achieve full-chain digital upgrades in site selection, operations, and dispatching. Starting in 2024, the platform has fully opened its development capabilities and has established its first Spatiotemporal Smart City Operations Center in Quzhou.

Tencent Maps API (Tencent Map Location Service Platform) is a location service interface provided by Tencent. Developers can call its capabilities for mapping, positioning, route planning, place search, etc., via multiple technical platforms such as JavaScript, Android, and iOS, enabling rapid integration of map functionality into applications or websites. The API supports free Key application with no call frequency limits and is widely used in industries such as mobility, logistics, and retail, offering high-precision positioning, real-time traffic conditions, reverse geocoding, and a wealth of other features. The platform also provides visualization tools and data services to support enterprise digital transformation.

Alibaba Cloud AMap (AutoNavi) Open Platform API is a standardized set of location service interfaces provided by Alibaba Group. It integrates core capabilities such as map display, geocoding, route planning, real-time traffic conditions, place search, positioning, and weather queries. The API supports integration across multiple platforms including Web, Android, iOS, and HarmonyOS, allowing developers to embed high-precision geographic information and intelligent navigation capabilities into various applications. Underpinned by Alibaba Cloud infrastructure, it ensures stable performance under high global concurrency and is widely used in digital scenarios such as mobility, logistics, smart hardware, and e-commerce.

Azure Maps API is a set of geospatial services provided by the Microsoft Azure cloud platform. Through REST APIs and a Web SDK, it offers developers capabilities such as map rendering, geocoding, location search, route planning, real-time traffic conditions, time zone information, geolocation services, and weather data integration. It helps build intelligent location solutions for web and mobile applications and is widely used in logistics, asset tracking, IoT monitoring, and mobility services.

ITRF2005 (International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2005) is one of the international terrestrial reference systems, established by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). ITRF2005 is a three-dimensional terrestrial coordinate system generated by integrating data from multiple space geodetic techniques, including GPS, VLBI, SLR, and DORIS. It defines the positions of observation points on the Earth's surface and their temporal changes with high precision. ITRF2005 adopts an Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinate system and is a dynamic reference frame that accounts for temporal changes such as crustal deformation and plate motion. It is widely used in GIS, satellite positioning, Earth science research, and other fields, and is registered under EPSG code EPSG:4896.